Commonly Confused Words: Glossary of Usage
"Affect" or "effect"? "Capital" or "capitol"? "Imply" or "infer"? It's easy to confuse words that are similar in sound, spelling, or meaning. But with a bit of review it's also easy to clear up such confusions. Our Glossary of Usage contains more than 150 sets of commonly confused words--with definitions, examples, and practice exercises to help you keep these words straight.
Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words
Here in our Glossary of Usage you will find more than 150 sets of commonly confused words--with links to definitions, examples, and practice exercises that should help you to keep these words straight.
Here in our Glossary of Usage you will find more than 150 sets of commonly confused words--with links to definitions, examples, and practice exercises that should help you to keep these words straight.
Answers to Practice Exercises (Glossary of Usage)
Here are the answers to the short practice exercises that accompany each set of words in our Glossary of Usage.
Here are the answers to the short practice exercises that accompany each set of words in our Glossary of Usage.
A, An, & And
Use the indefinite articles "a" and "an" before nouns: "a" before a noun that begins with a consonant sound; "an" before a noun that begins with a vowel sound. "And" is a coordinating conjunction: use it to join words, phrases, and clauses.
Use the indefinite articles "a" and "an" before nouns: "a" before a noun that begins with a consonant sound; "an" before a noun that begins with a vowel sound. "And" is a coordinating conjunction: use it to join words, phrases, and clauses.
Accept, Except, and Expect
"Accept" is a verb that means to take in. The preposition "except" means other than. The verb "expect" means to depend on or await.
"Accept" is a verb that means to take in. The preposition "except" means other than. The verb "expect" means to depend on or await.
Adapt and Adopt
"Adapt" means to take something and make it suitable for a specific use or situation. "Adopt" means to take something and make it one's own as is.
"Adapt" means to take something and make it suitable for a specific use or situation. "Adopt" means to take something and make it one's own as is.
Adverse and Averse
The adjective "adverse" means antagonistic, opposing, harmful, or unfavorable; often it refers to things. The adjective "averse" means strongly disinclined; often it refers to people.
The adjective "adverse" means antagonistic, opposing, harmful, or unfavorable; often it refers to things. The adjective "averse" means strongly disinclined; often it refers to people.
Advice and Advise
The noun "advice" means guidance. The verb "advise" means to recommend or counsel.
The noun "advice" means guidance. The verb "advise" means to recommend or counsel.
Affect and Effect
"Affect" is usually a verb meaning to influence. "Effect" is usually a noun meaning result. When used as a verb, "effect" means to cause.
"Affect" is usually a verb meaning to influence. "Effect" is usually a noun meaning result. When used as a verb, "effect" means to cause.
Aggravate and Irritate
"Aggravate" is a verb that means to make worse. The verb "irritate" means to annoy.
"Aggravate" is a verb that means to make worse. The verb "irritate" means to annoy.
All Ready and Already
The phrase "all ready" means completely prepared. "Already" is an adverb meaning previously or by this time.
The phrase "all ready" means completely prepared. "Already" is an adverb meaning previously or by this time.
All Together and Altogether
The phrase "all together" refers to people or things gathered in one place. The adverb "altogether" means entirely or wholly.
The phrase "all together" refers to people or things gathered in one place. The adverb "altogether" means entirely or wholly.
Allude and Elude
To "allude" to something means to make an indirect reference. To "elude" means to evade, escape, or avoid.
To "allude" to something means to make an indirect reference. To "elude" means to evade, escape, or avoid.
Allusion and Illusion
The noun "allusion" means an indirect reference to a person, event, or thing. "Illusion" is a noun that means false impression.
The noun "allusion" means an indirect reference to a person, event, or thing. "Illusion" is a noun that means false impression.
Allusive and Elusive
Something that is "allusive" contains (or is characterized by) indirect references. Someone or something that is "elusive" is hard to describe or skillful at avoiding capture.
Something that is "allusive" contains (or is characterized by) indirect references. Someone or something that is "elusive" is hard to describe or skillful at avoiding capture.
A Lot (Much, Many)
Spell "a lot" as two words, not one. In formal writing (such as essays and exams), avoid "a lot" in favor of "much" or "many."
Spell "a lot" as two words, not one. In formal writing (such as essays and exams), avoid "a lot" in favor of "much" or "many."
Altar and Alter
The noun "altar" refers to the table in churches where religious ceremonies are carried out. The verb "alter" means to change, modify, or adjust.
The noun "altar" refers to the table in churches where religious ceremonies are carried out. The verb "alter" means to change, modify, or adjust.
Ambiguous and Ambivalent
"Ambiguous" means doubtful or unclear, open to more than one interpretation. "Ambivalent" means holding opposing attitudes or feelings toward a person, object, or idea.
"Ambiguous" means doubtful or unclear, open to more than one interpretation. "Ambivalent" means holding opposing attitudes or feelings toward a person, object, or idea.
Amoral and Immoral
The adjective "amoral" means lying outside the moral order or acting without regard for any particular code of morality. The adjective "immoral" means not moral--that is, violating traditionally held moral principles.
The adjective "amoral" means lying outside the moral order or acting without regard for any particular code of morality. The adjective "immoral" means not moral--that is, violating traditionally held moral principles.
Amount and Number
Use "amount" to refer to a quantity. Use "number" to refer to people or things that can be counted.
Use "amount" to refer to a quantity. Use "number" to refer to people or things that can be counted.
Amuse and Bemuse
The verb "amuse" means to entertain or to appeal to an audience's sense of humor. The verb "bemuse" generally means to puzzle, distract, or bewilder.
The verb "amuse" means to entertain or to appeal to an audience's sense of humor. The verb "bemuse" generally means to puzzle, distract, or bewilder.
Anxious and Eager
Although "anxious" has been used as a synonym for "eager" since the 18th century, many usage guides insist that "anxious" should be used only when its subject is worried or uneasy about the anticipated event.
Although "anxious" has been used as a synonym for "eager" since the 18th century, many usage guides insist that "anxious" should be used only when its subject is worried or uneasy about the anticipated event.
Anyone and Any One
The indefinite pronoun "anyone" refers to people but not to particular individuals. "Any one" is an adjective phrase that refers to specific but unidentified things or individuals.
The indefinite pronoun "anyone" refers to people but not to particular individuals. "Any one" is an adjective phrase that refers to specific but unidentified things or individuals.
Appraise and Apprise
The verb "appraise" means to evaluate or set a price on something. To "apprise" is to inform or notify someone.
The verb "appraise" means to evaluate or set a price on something. To "apprise" is to inform or notify someone.
Are and Our
The verb "are" is a present tense form of the verb "to be." The adjective "our" is the possessive form of "we."
The verb "are" is a present tense form of the verb "to be." The adjective "our" is the possessive form of "we."
Assure, Ensure, and Insure
The verbs "assure," "ensure," and "insure" all mean to make certain or secure--but some distinctions are worth making.
The verbs "assure," "ensure," and "insure" all mean to make certain or secure--but some distinctions are worth making.
Baited and Bated
A hook, witness, or animal is "baited" (lured, enticed, tempted). Breath is "bated" (moderated).
A hook, witness, or animal is "baited" (lured, enticed, tempted). Breath is "bated" (moderated).
Beside and Besides
"Beside" is a preposition meaning next to. "Besides" is a preposition meaning except or in addition to. As a conjunctive adverb, "besides" means also.
"Beside" is a preposition meaning next to. "Besides" is a preposition meaning except or in addition to. As a conjunctive adverb, "besides" means also.
Breath and Breathe
"Breath" is a noun. "Breathe" is a verb.
"Breath" is a noun. "Breathe" is a verb.
Capital and Capitol
"Capital" has multiple meanings: (1) a city that serves as the seat of government; (2) wealth in the form of money or property; (3) an asset or advantage; (4) a capital letter (the type of letter used at the beginning of a sentence). "Capitol" refers to the building in which a legislative assembly meets.
"Capital" has multiple meanings: (1) a city that serves as the seat of government; (2) wealth in the form of money or property; (3) an asset or advantage; (4) a capital letter (the type of letter used at the beginning of a sentence). "Capitol" refers to the building in which a legislative assembly meets.
Censor and Censure
The verb "censor" means to suppress or remove something that is considered objectionable. The noun "censor" refers to a person who censors things. The verb "censure" means to find fault or condemn someone. The noun "censure" refers to a reprimand or a judgment involving condemnation.
The verb "censor" means to suppress or remove something that is considered objectionable. The noun "censor" refers to a person who censors things. The verb "censure" means to find fault or condemn someone. The noun "censure" refers to a reprimand or a judgment involving condemnation.
Choose, Chose, & Chosen
"Choose" is an irregular verb, with "chose" as the past form and "chosen" as the past-participle form.
"Choose" is an irregular verb, with "chose" as the past form and "chosen" as the past-participle form.
Cite and Site
The verb "cite" means to mention or quote as an authority or example. The noun "site" means a particular place.
The verb "cite" means to mention or quote as an authority or example. The noun "site" means a particular place.
Clothes and Cloths
The noun "clothes" means clothing. "Cloths" is the plural of "cloth" (fabric).
The noun "clothes" means clothing. "Cloths" is the plural of "cloth" (fabric).
Complement and Compliment
"Complement" means "something that completes or brings to perfection." A "compliment" is an expression of praise.
"Complement" means "something that completes or brings to perfection." A "compliment" is an expression of praise.
Conscience & Conscious
The noun "conscience" means the sense of what is right and wrong. The adjective "conscious" means being aware or deliberate.
The noun "conscience" means the sense of what is right and wrong. The adjective "conscious" means being aware or deliberate.
Continual & Continuous
"Continual" means frequently repeated (that is, going on with occasional interruptions). "Continuous" means unceasing (going on without interruption).
"Continual" means frequently repeated (that is, going on with occasional interruptions). "Continuous" means unceasing (going on without interruption).
Council and Counsel
The noun "council" refers to a government body or an assembly of officials. The noun "counsel" means advice, guidance, or consultation. As a verb, "counsel" means to advise.
The noun "council" refers to a government body or an assembly of officials. The noun "counsel" means advice, guidance, or consultation. As a verb, "counsel" means to advise.
Days and Daze
"Days" is the plural form of the noun "day." The noun "daze" means a stunned or bewildered condition. As a verb, "daze" means to stun or to dazzle.
"Days" is the plural form of the noun "day." The noun "daze" means a stunned or bewildered condition. As a verb, "daze" means to stun or to dazzle.
Desert and Dessert
A "desert" is a dry, sandy region or wasteland; the verb "desert" means to abandon. A "dessert" is a sweet dish served at the end of a meal.
A "desert" is a dry, sandy region or wasteland; the verb "desert" means to abandon. A "dessert" is a sweet dish served at the end of a meal.
Device and Devise
The noun "device" means a gadget. The verb "to devise" means to plan.
The noun "device" means a gadget. The verb "to devise" means to plan.
Discreet and Discrete
The adjective "discreet" means tactful or prudent self-restraint. "Discrete" means distinct or separate.
The adjective "discreet" means tactful or prudent self-restraint. "Discrete" means distinct or separate.
Disinterested and Uninterested
The adjective "disinterested" means impartial and without bias. "Uninterested" means indifferent or unconcerned.
The adjective "disinterested" means impartial and without bias. "Uninterested" means indifferent or unconcerned.
Distinct and Distinctive
The adjective "distinct" means clearly defined and readily distinguishable from all others. "Distinct" also means notable or highly probable. "Distinctive" means set off by appearances or characteristic of a particular person, place, or thing.
The adjective "distinct" means clearly defined and readily distinguishable from all others. "Distinct" also means notable or highly probable. "Distinctive" means set off by appearances or characteristic of a particular person, place, or thing.
Dual and Duel
The adjective "dual" means double or twofold. "Duel" is a noun or verb referring to a fight or struggle.
The adjective "dual" means double or twofold. "Duel" is a noun or verb referring to a fight or struggle.
Economic and Economical
In present-day usage, the adjective "economical" generally means thrifty--marked by careful use of resources or operating with little waste. The adjective "economic" (related to the field of economics) generally refers to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
In present-day usage, the adjective "economical" generally means thrifty--marked by careful use of resources or operating with little waste. The adjective "economic" (related to the field of economics) generally refers to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Eminent and Imminent
The adjective "eminent" means prominent or outstanding. "Imminent" means impending, about to occur.
The adjective "eminent" means prominent or outstanding. "Imminent" means impending, about to occur.
Envelop and Envelope
"Envelop" (with the accent on the second syllable) is a verb meaning cover or enclose. "Envelope" (first syllable accented) is a noun meaning container used for mailing.
"Envelop" (with the accent on the second syllable) is a verb meaning cover or enclose. "Envelope" (first syllable accented) is a noun meaning container used for mailing.
Epigram, Epigraph, and Epitaph
Each of these words beginning with "epi-" (from the Greek word for "upon") has multiple definitions, but here are the most common meanings.
Each of these words beginning with "epi-" (from the Greek word for "upon") has multiple definitions, but here are the most common meanings.
Eventually and Ultimately
The adverb "eventually" refers to an unspecified time in the future. "Ultimately" means in the end.
The adverb "eventually" refers to an unspecified time in the future. "Ultimately" means in the end.
Every Day and Everyday
The adjective "everyday" (written as one word) means routine, ordinary, or commonplace. "Every day" (two words) means each day.
The adjective "everyday" (written as one word) means routine, ordinary, or commonplace. "Every day" (two words) means each day.
Explicit and Implicit
"Explicit" means clearly expressed or readily observable. "Implicit" means implied or expressed indirectly.
"Explicit" means clearly expressed or readily observable. "Implicit" means implied or expressed indirectly.
Farther and Further
"Farther" usually refers to physical distance. "Further" refers to an extension of time or degree.
"Farther" usually refers to physical distance. "Further" refers to an extension of time or degree.
Few (Fewer) and Little (Less)
"Few" and "fewer" refer to people or objects that can be counted. "Little" and "less" refer to a small quantity.
"Few" and "fewer" refer to people or objects that can be counted. "Little" and "less" refer to a small quantity.
Flaunt and Flout
To "flaunt" means to show off. To "flout" means to defy or to show contempt for.
To "flaunt" means to show off. To "flout" means to defy or to show contempt for.
Flounder and Founder
The verb "flounder" means to struggle, to make clumsy efforts to move or regain one's balance. The verb "founder" means to sink or become disabled.
The verb "flounder" means to struggle, to make clumsy efforts to move or regain one's balance. The verb "founder" means to sink or become disabled.
Foreword and Forward
The noun "foreword" refers to a preface or an introductory note, often one written by a person other than the author. "Forward" is an adjective and an adverb with several meanings related to direction.
The noun "foreword" refers to a preface or an introductory note, often one written by a person other than the author. "Forward" is an adjective and an adverb with several meanings related to direction.
Formally and Formerly
The adverb "formally" means in a formal way. The adverb "formerly" means at an earlier time.
The adverb "formally" means in a formal way. The adverb "formerly" means at an earlier time.
Fortunate and Fortuitous
The primary meaning of "fortunate" is lucky or auspicious. The primary meaning of "fortuitous" is accidental. In recent decades, however, "fortuitous" has been used synonymously with "fortunate" and "felicitous."
The primary meaning of "fortunate" is lucky or auspicious. The primary meaning of "fortuitous" is accidental. In recent decades, however, "fortuitous" has been used synonymously with "fortunate" and "felicitous."
Full and Fulsome
Put simply, the adjective "full" means complete or containing all that is possible, while the adjective "fulsome" means offensive or insincere.
Put simply, the adjective "full" means complete or containing all that is possible, while the adjective "fulsome" means offensive or insincere.
Gourmand and Gourmet
The noun "gourmand" refers to someone who is extremely (and often excessively) fond of eating and drinking. A "gourmet" (both a noun and an adjective) is a connoisseur: someone with refined tastes in food and drink.
The noun "gourmand" refers to someone who is extremely (and often excessively) fond of eating and drinking. A "gourmet" (both a noun and an adjective) is a connoisseur: someone with refined tastes in food and drink.
Grisly and Grizzly
The adjective "grisly" means horrible, fearsome, disgusting. The noun "grizzly" refers to a large brown bear. As an adjective, "grizzly" (more commonly "grizzled") means streaked with gray.
The adjective "grisly" means horrible, fearsome, disgusting. The noun "grizzly" refers to a large brown bear. As an adjective, "grizzly" (more commonly "grizzled") means streaked with gray.
Hanged and Hung
For centuries, "hanged" and "hung" were used interchangeably as the past participle of "hang." Most contemporary usage guides insist that in formal writing "hanged," not "hung," should be used when referring to executions: convicted killers are hanged; posters are hung.
For centuries, "hanged" and "hung" were used interchangeably as the past participle of "hang." Most contemporary usage guides insist that in formal writing "hanged," not "hung," should be used when referring to executions: convicted killers are hanged; posters are hung.
Hardy and Hearty
The adjective "hardy" means daring, courageous, and capable of surviving difficult conditions. The adjective "hearty" means showing warm and heartfelt affection or providing abundant nourishment.
The adjective "hardy" means daring, courageous, and capable of surviving difficult conditions. The adjective "hearty" means showing warm and heartfelt affection or providing abundant nourishment.
Have and Of
Use "have," not "of," as an auxiliary verb. "Of" is a preposition.
Use "have," not "of," as an auxiliary verb. "Of" is a preposition.
Historic and Historical
Historic means important, momentous, or historically significant. Historical means relating to the past.
Historic means important, momentous, or historically significant. Historical means relating to the past.
Hoard and Horde
The noun "hoard" refers to a supply of something that has been stored up and often hidden away. As a verb, "hoard" means to collect and store away or to keep something to oneself. The noun "horde" means a crowd, throng, or swarm.
The noun "hoard" refers to a supply of something that has been stored up and often hidden away. As a verb, "hoard" means to collect and store away or to keep something to oneself. The noun "horde" means a crowd, throng, or swarm.
Home and Hone
A missile "homes in" (not "hones in") on a target. Hone means "to sharpen."
A missile "homes in" (not "hones in") on a target. Hone means "to sharpen."
Hoping & Hopping
Hoping is the present-participle form of hope ("to wish for"). Hopping is the present-participle form of hop (like a bunny).
Hoping is the present-participle form of hope ("to wish for"). Hopping is the present-participle form of hop (like a bunny).
Imply and Infer
A speaker "implies" (suggests) something; a listener "infers" (or deduces).
A speaker "implies" (suggests) something; a listener "infers" (or deduces).
In and Into
A person who is "in" a room may decide to move "into" another room. "Into" suggests movement.
A person who is "in" a room may decide to move "into" another room. "Into" suggests movement.
Incredible and Incredulous
"Incredible" means unbelievable. "Incredulous" means skeptical or expressive of disbelief.
"Incredible" means unbelievable. "Incredulous" means skeptical or expressive of disbelief.
Ingenious and Ingenuous
The adjective "ingenious" means extremely clever--marked by inventive skill and imagination. "Ingenuous" means straightforward, candid, without guile.
The adjective "ingenious" means extremely clever--marked by inventive skill and imagination. "Ingenuous" means straightforward, candid, without guile.
Intense and Intent
"Intense" means profound, deeply felt, or extreme in degree, strength, or size. "Intent" means focused or concentrated.
"Intense" means profound, deeply felt, or extreme in degree, strength, or size. "Intent" means focused or concentrated.
Its and It's
"Its" is a possessive pronoun. "It's" is a contraction of "it is."
"Its" is a possessive pronoun. "It's" is a contraction of "it is."
Last and Latter
"Latter" refers to the second of two persons or things that have been mentioned. When more than two have been mentioned, use "last."
"Latter" refers to the second of two persons or things that have been mentioned. When more than two have been mentioned, use "last."
Later and Latter
Use "later" when referring to time. Use "latter" when referring to the second of two persons or things mentioned previously.
Use "later" when referring to time. Use "latter" when referring to the second of two persons or things mentioned previously.
Lay and Lie
The verb "lay" means to put; it takes a direct object. The verb "lie" means to rest; it does not take a direct object.
The verb "lay" means to put; it takes a direct object. The verb "lie" means to rest; it does not take a direct object.
Lead and Led
"Led" is both the past and past participle form of the verb "to lead."
"Led" is both the past and past participle form of the verb "to lead."
Leave and Let
The verb "leave" means go away from or put in a place. "Let" means permit or allow.
The verb "leave" means go away from or put in a place. "Let" means permit or allow.
Lend and Loan
In formal usage (especially in British English), "lend" is a verb and "loan" is a noun. But see the usage notes that follow.
In formal usage (especially in British English), "lend" is a verb and "loan" is a noun. But see the usage notes that follow.
Lessen and Lesson
The verb "lessen" means to decrease or reduce. The noun "lesson" means an instructive example, a piece of practical wisdom, or a unit of instruction.
The verb "lessen" means to decrease or reduce. The noun "lesson" means an instructive example, a piece of practical wisdom, or a unit of instruction.
Liable and Libel
The adjective "liable" means subject to, obligated to, or responsible for something. The noun or verb "libel" refers to a false publication that damages a person's reputation.
The adjective "liable" means subject to, obligated to, or responsible for something. The noun or verb "libel" refers to a false publication that damages a person's reputation.
Lightening and Lightning
The noun "lightening" means making lighter in weight or changing to a lighter or brighter color. "Lightning" is the flash of light that accompanies thunder.
The noun "lightening" means making lighter in weight or changing to a lighter or brighter color. "Lightning" is the flash of light that accompanies thunder.
Literally and Figuratively
"Literally" means really or actually or in the strict sense of the word. Don't confuse it with "figuratively," which means in an analogous or metaphorical sense, not in the exact sense.
"Literally" means really or actually or in the strict sense of the word. Don't confuse it with "figuratively," which means in an analogous or metaphorical sense, not in the exact sense.
Loath and Loathe
"Loath" is an adjective meaning unwilling or reluctant, and it's usually followed by "to." "Loathe" is a verb that means to dislike intensely.
"Loath" is an adjective meaning unwilling or reluctant, and it's usually followed by "to." "Loathe" is a verb that means to dislike intensely.
Loose and Lose
The adjective "loose" means not tight. The verb "lose" means not to win or not to keep.
The adjective "loose" means not tight. The verb "lose" means not to win or not to keep.
Many and Much
"Many" refers to people or objects that can be counted. "Much" refers to a large quantity.
"Many" refers to people or objects that can be counted. "Much" refers to a large quantity.
Marital and Martial
The adjective "marital" refers to marriage. The adjective "martial" refers to battle, war, or military life.
The adjective "marital" refers to marriage. The adjective "martial" refers to battle, war, or military life.
Maybe and May Be
"Maybe" is an adverb meaning perhaps. "May be" is a verb phrase showing possibility.
"Maybe" is an adverb meaning perhaps. "May be" is a verb phrase showing possibility.
Media and Medium
Strictly speaking, "media" is the plural of "medium" and should be used with a plural verb.
Strictly speaking, "media" is the plural of "medium" and should be used with a plural verb.
Miner and Minor
The noun "miner" refers to a person who works in a mine. The noun "minor" refers to someone who is under legal age or to a secondary area of academic study. As an adjective, "minor" means lesser or smaller.
The noun "miner" refers to a person who works in a mine. The noun "minor" refers to someone who is under legal age or to a secondary area of academic study. As an adjective, "minor" means lesser or smaller.
Moot and Mute
The adjective "moot" refers to something that is debatable or of no practical importance. The adjective "mute" means unspoken or unable to speak.
The adjective "moot" refers to something that is debatable or of no practical importance. The adjective "mute" means unspoken or unable to speak.
Moral and Morale
The adjective "moral" (with the accent on the first syllable) means ethical or virtuous. As a noun "moral" refers to the lesson or principle taught by a story or event. The noun "morale" (second syllable accented) means spirit or attitude.
The adjective "moral" (with the accent on the first syllable) means ethical or virtuous. As a noun "moral" refers to the lesson or principle taught by a story or event. The noun "morale" (second syllable accented) means spirit or attitude.
Noisome and Noisy
The adjective noisome means obnoxious, harmful, offensive to the senses (especially the sense of smell). It doesn't mean making noise (noisy).
The adjective noisome means obnoxious, harmful, offensive to the senses (especially the sense of smell). It doesn't mean making noise (noisy).
Obsolescent and Obsolete
The adjective "obsolescent" refers to the process of passing out of use or usefulness--becoming obsolete. The adjective "obsolete" means no longer in use--outmoded in design, style, or construction.
The adjective "obsolescent" refers to the process of passing out of use or usefulness--becoming obsolete. The adjective "obsolete" means no longer in use--outmoded in design, style, or construction.
Pair, Pare, and Pear
The verb "pare" means to remove, reduce, or cut back. The noun "pair" means a couple. The noun "pear" refers to the fruit.
The verb "pare" means to remove, reduce, or cut back. The noun "pair" means a couple. The noun "pear" refers to the fruit.
Passed and Past
"Passed" is both the past and past-participle form of the verb "pass." "Past" is a noun (meaning a previous time), an adjective (meaning ago), and a preposition (meaning beyond).
"Passed" is both the past and past-participle form of the verb "pass." "Past" is a noun (meaning a previous time), an adjective (meaning ago), and a preposition (meaning beyond).
Peace and Piece
The noun "peace" means contentment or the absence of war. A "piece" is a unit or a portion.
The noun "peace" means contentment or the absence of war. A "piece" is a unit or a portion.
Perquisite and Prerequisite
A "perquisite" (sometimes informally shortened to "perk") is a benefit (beyond pay) that is associated with a particular job. A "prerequisite" is something required as a prior condition of something else.
A "perquisite" (sometimes informally shortened to "perk") is a benefit (beyond pay) that is associated with a particular job. A "prerequisite" is something required as a prior condition of something else.
Persecute and Prosecute
To "persecute" is to oppress, harass, or bother. To "prosecute" is to enforce by legal action.
To "persecute" is to oppress, harass, or bother. To "prosecute" is to enforce by legal action.
Personal and Personnel
The adjective "personal" (with the accent on the first syllable) means private or individual. The noun "personnel" (accent on the last syllable) refers to the people employed in an organization, business, or service.
The adjective "personal" (with the accent on the first syllable) means private or individual. The noun "personnel" (accent on the last syllable) refers to the people employed in an organization, business, or service.
Perspective and Prospective
The noun "perspective" refers to a view or outlook. The adjective "prospective" means likely or expected to happen or become.
The noun "perspective" refers to a view or outlook. The adjective "prospective" means likely or expected to happen or become.
Perverse and Perverted
The adjective "perverse" generally means stubborn, cranky, wrong-headed, or incorrect. "Perverted" means twisted, distorted, corrupt.
The adjective "perverse" generally means stubborn, cranky, wrong-headed, or incorrect. "Perverted" means twisted, distorted, corrupt.
Pore and Pour
The verb "pore" means to read or study carefully. To "pour" is to dispense a drink.
The verb "pore" means to read or study carefully. To "pour" is to dispense a drink.
Precede and Proceed
"Precede" means to come before. "Proceed" means to go forward.
"Precede" means to come before. "Proceed" means to go forward.
Premier and Premiere
As an adjective, "premier" means first in rank or importance. The noun "premier" refers to a prime minister, or the head of a state, province, or territory. The noun "premiere" refers to the first performance (of a play, for example). "Premiere" is similarly used as a verb, meaning to give a first public performance.
As an adjective, "premier" means first in rank or importance. The noun "premier" refers to a prime minister, or the head of a state, province, or territory. The noun "premiere" refers to the first performance (of a play, for example). "Premiere" is similarly used as a verb, meaning to give a first public performance.
Prescribe and Proscribe
The verb "prescribe" means to establish, direct, or lay down as a rule. The verb "proscribe" means to ban, forbid, or condemn.
The verb "prescribe" means to establish, direct, or lay down as a rule. The verb "proscribe" means to ban, forbid, or condemn.
Principal and Principle
As a noun, "principal" commonly means administrator or sum of money. As an adjective, "principal" means most important. The noun "principle" means basic truth or rule.
As a noun, "principal" commonly means administrator or sum of money. As an adjective, "principal" means most important. The noun "principle" means basic truth or rule.
Quell and Quench
The verb "quell" means to suppress, pacify, or put down with force. The verb "quench" means to satisfy, extinguish, or cool down.
The verb "quell" means to suppress, pacify, or put down with force. The verb "quench" means to satisfy, extinguish, or cool down.
Quiet, Quit, and Quite
"Quiet" means silence. "Quit" means to leave. "Quite" means very or actually.
"Quiet" means silence. "Quit" means to leave. "Quite" means very or actually.
Quotation and Quote
In formal English, "quotation" is a noun, "quote" a verb.
In formal English, "quotation" is a noun, "quote" a verb.
Rack and Wrack
As verbs, "rack" means to torture or cause great suffering, while "wrack" means to wreck or cause the ruin of something. The noun "rack" means a frame, an instrument of torture, or a state of intense anguish. The noun "wrack" means destruction or wreckage.
As verbs, "rack" means to torture or cause great suffering, while "wrack" means to wreck or cause the ruin of something. The noun "rack" means a frame, an instrument of torture, or a state of intense anguish. The noun "wrack" means destruction or wreckage.
Rain, Reign, and Rein
All three of these words can be used as both nouns and verbs. "Rain" refers to precipitation (falling water). "Reign" refers to a period or demonstration of sovereign power. "Rein" refers to restraint or the means by which power is exercised.
All three of these words can be used as both nouns and verbs. "Rain" refers to precipitation (falling water). "Reign" refers to a period or demonstration of sovereign power. "Rein" refers to restraint or the means by which power is exercised.
Raise and Rise
"Raise" is (usually) a transitive verb that means lift, heighten, or promote. "Rise" is an intransitive verb that means to get up or increase.
"Raise" is (usually) a transitive verb that means lift, heighten, or promote. "Rise" is an intransitive verb that means to get up or increase.
Rational and Rationale
The adjective "rational" means having or exercising the ability to reason. The noun "rationale" refers to an explanation or basic reason.
The adjective "rational" means having or exercising the ability to reason. The noun "rationale" refers to an explanation or basic reason.
Ravage and Ravish
The verb "ravage" means to ruin, devastate, or destroy. The noun "ravage" (often in the plural) means grievous damage or destruction. The verb "ravish" means to rape, carry away by force, or overwhelm with emotion.
The verb "ravage" means to ruin, devastate, or destroy. The noun "ravage" (often in the plural) means grievous damage or destruction. The verb "ravish" means to rape, carry away by force, or overwhelm with emotion.
Recourse and Resource
"Recourse" is a person or thing that one turns or applies to for help. "Resource" is a supply that can be drawn on when needed.
"Recourse" is a person or thing that one turns or applies to for help. "Resource" is a supply that can be drawn on when needed.
Regretful and Regrettable
The adjective "regretful" refers to people and means full of regret. "Regrettable" applies to incidents or situations and means causing or deserving regret.
The adjective "regretful" refers to people and means full of regret. "Regrettable" applies to incidents or situations and means causing or deserving regret.
Respectively and Respectfully
"Respectively" means one by one in the order designated or mentioned. "Respectfully" means with respect.
"Respectively" means one by one in the order designated or mentioned. "Respectfully" means with respect.
Review and Revue
The noun "revue" refers to a musical or theatrical production. As both a noun and a verb, "review" has the sense of inspecting, surveying, or critically evaluating.
The noun "revue" refers to a musical or theatrical production. As both a noun and a verb, "review" has the sense of inspecting, surveying, or critically evaluating.
Role and Roll
A "role" is a character or part played by a performer. "Roll" has many senses, including a portion of bread and a list of names of persons belonging to a group.
A "role" is a character or part played by a performer. "Roll" has many senses, including a portion of bread and a list of names of persons belonging to a group.
Sensual and Sensuous
The adjective "sensual" means affecting or gratifying the physical senses. "Sensuous" means pleasing to the senses, especially those involved in aesthetic pleasure, as of art or music.
The adjective "sensual" means affecting or gratifying the physical senses. "Sensuous" means pleasing to the senses, especially those involved in aesthetic pleasure, as of art or music.
Serve and Service
In general practice, people are "served," things are "serviced."
In general practice, people are "served," things are "serviced."
Set and Sit
The transitive verb "set" means to put or to place; it takes a direct object, and its principal forms are "set," "set," and "set." The intransitive verb "sit" means to be seated; it does not take a direct object, and its principal forms are "sit," "sat," and "sat."
The transitive verb "set" means to put or to place; it takes a direct object, and its principal forms are "set," "set," and "set." The intransitive verb "sit" means to be seated; it does not take a direct object, and its principal forms are "sit," "sat," and "sat."
Shall and Will
In contemporary American English, the auxiliary verb "shall" is rarely used. In British English, "shall" and "will" are often used interchangeably with no difference of meaning in most circumstances. Internationally, "will" is now the standard choice for expressing future plans and expectations.
In contemporary American English, the auxiliary verb "shall" is rarely used. In British English, "shall" and "will" are often used interchangeably with no difference of meaning in most circumstances. Internationally, "will" is now the standard choice for expressing future plans and expectations.
Shear and Sheer
The verb "shear" means to cut or clip. As a noun, "shear" refers to the act, process, or fact of cutting or clipping. The adjective "sheer" means fine, transparent, or complete. As an adverb, "sheer" means completely or altogether.
The verb "shear" means to cut or clip. As a noun, "shear" refers to the act, process, or fact of cutting or clipping. The adjective "sheer" means fine, transparent, or complete. As an adverb, "sheer" means completely or altogether.
Should and Would
Use "should" to express an obligation. Use "would" to express a customary action.
Use "should" to express an obligation. Use "would" to express a customary action.
Simple and Simplistic
The adjective "simple" means plain, ordinary, uncomplicated. The adjective "simplistic" is a pejorative word meaning overly simplified--characterized by extreme and often misleading simplicity.
The adjective "simple" means plain, ordinary, uncomplicated. The adjective "simplistic" is a pejorative word meaning overly simplified--characterized by extreme and often misleading simplicity.
Sometime, Some time, and Sometimes
"Sometime" means at an indefinite or unstated time in the future. "Some time" means a period of time. "Sometimes" means occasionally, now and then.
"Sometime" means at an indefinite or unstated time in the future. "Some time" means a period of time. "Sometimes" means occasionally, now and then.
Stationary and Stationery
The adjective "stationary" means remaining in one place. The noun "stationery" means writing materials.
The adjective "stationary" means remaining in one place. The noun "stationery" means writing materials.
Statue and Statute
A "statue" is a carved or molded figure. A "statute" is a rule or law.
A "statue" is a carved or molded figure. A "statute" is a rule or law.
Temerity and Timidity
The noun "temerity" means daring or recklessness. In contrast, the noun "timidity" means fearfulness.
The noun "temerity" means daring or recklessness. In contrast, the noun "timidity" means fearfulness.
Than and Then
Use "than" to make a comparison. Use "then" when referring to time.
Use "than" to make a comparison. Use "then" when referring to time.
Their, There, and They're
"Their" is the possessive form of "they." "There" is an adverb (meaning at that place) and a pronoun used to start a sentence. "They're" is a contraction of "they are."
"Their" is the possessive form of "they." "There" is an adverb (meaning at that place) and a pronoun used to start a sentence. "They're" is a contraction of "they are."
To and Too
The preposition "to" refers to a place, direction, or position. "To" is also used before the verb in an infinitive. The adverb "too" means also or excessively.
The preposition "to" refers to a place, direction, or position. "To" is also used before the verb in an infinitive. The adverb "too" means also or excessively.
Troop and Troupe
As a noun, "troop" refers to a group of soldiers or a collection of people or things. As a verb, "troop" means to move or spend time together. The noun or verb "troupe" refers specifically to a group of theatrical performers.
As a noun, "troop" refers to a group of soldiers or a collection of people or things. As a verb, "troop" means to move or spend time together. The noun or verb "troupe" refers specifically to a group of theatrical performers.
Vain, Vane, and Vein
The adjective "vain" means conceited or fruitless. The noun "vane" refers to a device for showing wind direction. The noun "vein" refers to a blood vessel, a streak, or a crack.
The adjective "vain" means conceited or fruitless. The noun "vane" refers to a device for showing wind direction. The noun "vein" refers to a blood vessel, a streak, or a crack.
Vary and Very
The verb "vary" means to differ, change, or to give variety to something. The adverb "very" means truly, absolutely, or extremely.
The verb "vary" means to differ, change, or to give variety to something. The adverb "very" means truly, absolutely, or extremely.
Veracious and Voracious
The adjective "veracious" means honest or truthful. The adjective "voracious" means greedy or extremely hungry.
The adjective "veracious" means honest or truthful. The adjective "voracious" means greedy or extremely hungry.
Waist and Waste
The noun "waist" refers to the narrow part of the body between the ribs and hips. The verb "waste" means to use or spend thoughtlessly. As a noun, "waste" means unwanted material or barren land.
The noun "waist" refers to the narrow part of the body between the ribs and hips. The verb "waste" means to use or spend thoughtlessly. As a noun, "waste" means unwanted material or barren land.
Were, We're, and Where
"Were" is a past form of the verb "to be." "We're" is a contraction of "we are." "Where" refers to a place.
"Were" is a past form of the verb "to be." "We're" is a contraction of "we are." "Where" refers to a place.
Which and Who
The pronoun "who" refers to people; "which" refers to things.
The pronoun "who" refers to people; "which" refers to things.
Who and Whom
Use "who" when a sentence requires a subject pronoun (equivalent to "he" or "she"). In formal English, use "whom" when a sentence requires an object pronoun (equivalent to "him" or "her").
Use "who" when a sentence requires a subject pronoun (equivalent to "he" or "she"). In formal English, use "whom" when a sentence requires an object pronoun (equivalent to "him" or "her").
Whoever and Whomever
In the manner of "who" and "whom," use "whoever" when a sentence requires a subject pronoun; use "whom" when a sentence requires an object pronoun.
In the manner of "who" and "whom," use "whoever" when a sentence requires a subject pronoun; use "whom" when a sentence requires an object pronoun.
Whose and Who's
"Whose" is the possessive form of "who." "Who's" is the contraction of "who is."
"Whose" is the possessive form of "who." "Who's" is the contraction of "who is."
Young and Youthful
Although these two adjectives have similar meanings, "young" tends to be a neutral statement of fact (in an early stage of life) while "youthful" often suggests the positive qualities of youth (such as good health, freshness, and vitality) and almost always refers to people, not things.
Although these two adjectives have similar meanings, "young" tends to be a neutral statement of fact (in an early stage of life) while "youthful" often suggests the positive qualities of youth (such as good health, freshness, and vitality) and almost always refers to people, not things.
Your and You're
"Your" is the possessive form of "you." "You're" is the contraction of "you are."
"Your" is the possessive form of "you." "You're" is the contraction of "you are."
Choosing the Correct Word: Clearing Up Common Confusions
It's easy to confuse words that are similar in sound, spelling, or meaning. But with a bit of review it's also easy to clear up such confusions.
It's easy to confuse words that are similar in sound, spelling, or meaning. But with a bit of review it's also easy to clear up such confusions.
Choosing the Correct Word: Clearing Up Common Confusions (B-E)
Commonly Confused Words: B-E
Commonly Confused Words: B-E
Choosing the Correct Word: Clearing Up Common Confusions (F-K)
Commonly Confused Words: F-K
Commonly Confused Words: F-K
Choosing the Correct Word: Clearing Up Common Confusions (L-O)
Commonly Confused Words: L-O
Commonly Confused Words: L-O
Choosing the Correct Word: Clearing Up Common Confusions (P-S)
Commonly Confused Words: P-S
Commonly Confused Words: P-S
Choosing the Correct Word: Clearing Up Common Confusions (T-Z)
Commonly Confused Words: T-Z
Commonly Confused Words: T-Z
Review Quiz: Commonly Confused Words
If you have studied our pages on "Choosing the Correct Word: Clearing Up Common Confusions," you should have no trouble completing this short review quiz.
If you have studied our pages on "Choosing the Correct Word: Clearing Up Common Confusions," you should have no trouble completing this short review quiz.
Quiz on 20 Commonly Confused Words
In our Glossary of Usage you'll find more than 150 sets of commonly confused words. To test your familiarity with 20 of those word pairs, take a few minutes to do the following quiz.
In our Glossary of Usage you'll find more than 150 sets of commonly confused words. To test your familiarity with 20 of those word pairs, take a few minutes to do the following quiz.
Fifteen Common Blog Errors & How to Fix Them
Even professional writers get tripped up now and then by some commonly confused words: look-alikes and sound-alikes that our spell checkers will never recognize. Here are 15 of the MOST common commonly confused words.
Even professional writers get tripped up now and then by some commonly confused words: look-alikes and sound-alikes that our spell checkers will never recognize. Here are 15 of the MOST common commonly confused words.